Vakalopoulos C. The EEG as an index of neuromodulator balance in memory and mental illness. Am J Epidemiol. Kan P, Simonsen SE, Lyon JL, Kestle JR. Cellular phone use and brain tumor: a meta-analysis. Electromagnetic radiation can be absorbed by organisms, in which it causes a series of physiological and functional changes. 2015;91:30611. Studies have extensively explored the underlying mechanisms by which microwaves influence learning and memory functions, especially synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. MicroRNAs and neurodegeneration: role and impact. Mortazavi S, Rouintan M, Taeb S, Dehghan N, Ghaffarpanah A, Sadeghi Z, et al. Lu M, Zhu J, Qian C, Wang G, Nie J, Tong J. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) is a tetramer composed of two NR1 and two NR2 subunits or two NR3 subunits that perform the functions of NMDAR [69, 70], and NMDAR plays key roles in synapse development, synaptic plasticity and neurological diseases. 2011;35:36978. Li-Feng Wang or Xiang-Jun Hu. Szmigielski S. Cancer risks related to low-level RF/MW exposures, including cell phones. The role of microRNAs in cancer. Low intensity microwave radiation induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response and DNA damage in rat brain. The frequencies of these devices are listed in Table1. [41] exposed rats to 2.45GHz microwaves (2 pulse width, 500 pps, and SAR 0.6W/kg) for 45min and found that microwave-induced behavioral alterations measured by Lai had more to do with factors related to performance bias than to spatial working memory. PubMed Alterations of cognitive function and 5-HT system in rats after long term microwave exposure. Mobile phone use and risk of tumors: a meta-analysis. [15] assessed the use of mobile and cordless phones in 347 cases of melanoma in the head and neck region and 1184 controls and found no increased risk. Oto R, Akda Z, Dada S, Celik Y. [72] found that 2.856GHz, 50mW/cm2 pulsed microwave radiation caused persistent spatial memory impairments, disordered neurotransmitters, and varying degrees of damage in the hippocampus and synapses. In the probe test, the exposed group could not locate the platform and exhibited a significantly higher mean latency (i.e., 3-fold higher) to reach the target quadrant, and they spent only half the time that the controls spent in the target quadrant. 2015;56:2618. The conclusions are shown in Table3. 2005;25:10190201. 2017;326:291. Wang et al. 2015;140:23646. It is noteworthy that most of the above mentioned studies were based on the theory that the effects caused by microwaves are non-thermal. Ellis CE, Murphy EJ, Mitchell DC, Golovko MY, Scaglia F, Barcel-Coblijn GC, et al. It has been reported that microwave radiation can decrease both the number and the density of dendritic spines [63]. The induced genes encoded proteins with a variety of functions, including neurotransmitter regulation, BBB maintenance, and melatonin production. The results of EEG and analyses of the structure of the brain after radiation have also confirmed the influence of microwaves. Krylova I, Dukhanin A, Il'in A, Kuznetsova EY, Balaeva N, Shimanovskii N, et al. Article Stahlhut Espinosa CE, Slack FJ. Cell Biochem Biophys. PubMed The interaction of microwaves with matter other than metallic conductors will be to rotate molecules and produce heat as result of that molecular motion. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0. Synapse. GSM mobile phone radiation suppresses brain glucose metabolism. It influences both learning and memory in rats [67]. 2012;62:22336. 2014:125. Narayanan SN, Kumar RS, Potu BK, Nayak S, Mailankot M. Spatial memory perfomance of wistar rats exposed to mobile phone. 1992;49:1818. Behav Brain Res. Jeong J. EEG dynamics in patients with Alzheimer's disease. CAS Zhi, WJ., Wang, LF. Calabr E, Magaz S. Inspections of mobile phone microwaves effects on proteins secondary structure by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. This damage plays a key role in the structural and functional changes that are accelerated by neuronal degeneration. Myhrer T. Neurotransmitter systems involved in learning and memory in the rat: a meta-analysis based on studies of four behavioral tasks. PubMed Central Digestive System: The unstable catabolism of microwaved foods alters their elemental food substances, causing disorders in the digestive system. The normal function of synaptic vesicles depends on the normal expression of related proteins. Subsequently, significantly more DNA damage was observed in the exposed groups than in the sham group, and their study also indicated that oxidative stress and inflammation caused DNA damage in response to low-intensity microwave exposure. Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2000;11:16413. 2004;115:1490505. Article [62] irradiated Wistar rats, hippocampal synaptosomes and differentiated PC12 cells using microwaves (average power density, 30mW/cm2) for 5min, and the results showed that the post-exposure spatial memory of the rats was significantly decreased, the post-exposure levels of phosphorylated synapsin I (p-synapsin I) and GABA were decreased in the rat and cell experiments, and the post-exposure levels of vesicular GABA transporter and p-synapsin I were increased in small clear synaptic vesicles (which were abnormally assembled in presynaptic terminals) in the rat experiments. Brain Res. Article Google Scholar. One study reported by the Interphone study group [13] showed that there was no increase in the risk of glioma or meningioma in users of mobile phones. But microwave refers to wavelengths in microns so the. The results demonstrated the ability of electric magnetic field (EMF) to influence plasma melatonin and serotonin concentrations in radar workers. The fields had an average power density of 0, 5, 10 or 50mW/cm2. Moreover, the risk of developing Alzheimers disease is 3040% lower in people who use a mobile phone for more than 10years than in other individuals [35]. The results indicated that repeated low-level exposure to extremely low frequency microwaves affects brain functioning and provide an additional approach to analyzing the underlying mechanisms. as it have a harmful side. J Clin Oncol. 2013;32:27380. Biological effects of 2450 MHz microwave combined with -rays on rat cultured gliacytes. 2006;27:295306. 2011;343:5224. Role of distinct NMDA receptor subtypes at central synapses. 1 Microwave radiation may also lead to skin cancer/health problems when we are within the radius of a cell phone tower in a certain specified limited distance. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2007;96:218196. volume4, Articlenumber:29 (2017) Besides, the Soviet Union banned microwaves in 1976 . 2006;165:63644. 2014;12:75. The results indicated that radar microwave radiation leads to a decreased reaction time and lower short-term memory performance [18]. However, impaired learning and memory were only observed in males. 2007;28:187380. The Microwave signals in the food can cause water molecules to pulsate, generates heat to cook the food. Xiong et al. Many adversarial effects on health causes by electromagnetic. To determine the specific dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, more intensive studies must be performed. In a report by the Poland Department of Microwave Safety, occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields was analyzed in the work environment of personnel of 204 devices divided into 5 groups (surface-to-air missile system radars, aircraft and helicopters, communication devices, surveillance and height finder radars, airport radars and radio navigation systems). Xiong L, Sun CF, Zhang J, Gao YB, Wang LF, Zuo HY, et al. 2006;98:170713. Koivisto M, Krause CM, Revonsuo A, Laine M, Hmlinen H. The effects of electromagnetic field emitted by GSM phones on working memory. In 35% of cases, soldiers work in intermediate and hazardous zones and in 22%only in the intermediate zone. The mechanism by which microwave radiation decreases glucose, resulting in impaired learning and memory in rats, may be related to an increase in the synthesis and release of acetylcholine in the hippocampus. Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from 300MHz to 300GHz. Neurosci Lett. Additionally, Larjabaara et al. 2003;11:346. Quantitation, regional vulnerability, and kinetic modeling of brain glucose metabolism in mild Alzheimers disease. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains. Int J Occup Environ Health. SAR Value There are guidelines internationally for short term exposure to cell phone frequency microwaves, defined in terms of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), the rate at which energy is absorbed by the human body when exposed to radio frequency radiation. 2.45 GHz Microwave Radiation Impairs Learning and Spatial Memory via Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress Induced p53-Dependent/Independent Hippocampal Apoptosis: Molecular Basis and Underlying Mechanism. 1994;15:95104. frequency range from 1GHz to 10^6 GHz. Ning W, Chiang H, Yang W. Effects of GSM 1800 MHz on dendritic development of cultured hippocampal neurons. In industrial fields, exposure is usually occupational, and its sources include the surgical and physiotherapeutic use of diathermy, dielectric heating (i.e., heating and vulcanization applications), microwave ovens, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) medical diagnostic equipment, radar, military and research microwave systems, electricity-supplying networks, and electricity-distributing and transmitting equipment [3]. Predictors and overestimation of recalled mobile phone use among children and adolescents. PubMed Google Scholar. Nimchinsky EA, Sabatini BL, Svoboda K. Structure and function of dendritic spines. 2008;29:52738. Am J Epidemiol. Vorobyov et al. When nerve endings are excited, the vesicles release their contents into the synaptic cleft, resulting in synaptic transmission. Int J Radiat Biol. Motawi TK, Darwish HA, Moustafa YM, Labib MM. 2017;38:106976. Cosquer et al. Bioelectromagnetics. Gene. The microwave will do its intended job of heating and will start to burn (or cook) the skin tissue. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. Microwave radiation can heat body tissue the same way it heats your food. Megha et al. Above all, because of biases and variations in investigation methods, no conclusive evidence has been presented that microwaves cause cancer. [84] and Sharma et al. [64] exposed cultured rat hippocampal neurons to GSM 1800MHz microwaves (SAR, 2.4W/kg) and observed a selective decrease in the amplitude of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid (AMPA) miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). 2005;1042:1018. 2003;80:194210. It has also been reported that acute exposure to continuous waves of 900MHz EMF or 900MHz waves that were modulated to an amplitude of 50Hz increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and DNA fragmentation as a result of the hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors [73]. Regional changes in brain glucose metabolism reflect cognitive impairments in aged rats. In summary, there is evidence that microwave radiation can lead to alterations in protein synthesis or protein modifications; however, the results are controversial. The biological effects of RF energy are proportional to the rate of ener-gy absorption, and the level of absorption varies little with fre-quency. Dasdag S, Bilgin H, Akdag M, Celik H, Aksen F. Effect of long term mobile phone exposure on oxidative-antioxidative processes and nitric oxide in rats. So foods which have high water content can be very easily cooked like fresh vegetables. [46] found that by excessively activating the NMDA receptor signaling pathway, microwaves undermine hippocampal synaptic plasticity, explaining the damage observed in learning and memory abilities in radiated rats. Suhhova A, Bachmann M, Karai D, Lass J, Hinrikus H. Effect of microwave radiation on human EEG at two different levels of exposure. Chizhenkova R. Slow potentials and spike unit activity of the cerebral cortex of rabbits exposed to microwaves. [38] exposed Wistar rats to a 2.856GHz pulsed microwave field for 6min.
