standing seam metal roof training

crystal skull with cross stuck in it

"I knew About the crystal skulls as more than one, the Mitchell-Hedges Skull, being the most famous. But then there are many that still claim these specimens to be the channels of ancient knowledge and were made for a very special reason. This is one of the three skulls that Eugene Boban sold to explorer Alphonse Pinart, who later gave his collection to the museum. Boban said: "Numbers of so-called rock crystal, pre-Columbian skulls have been so adroitly made as almost to defy detection, and have been palmed off as genuine upon the experts of some of the principal museums of Europe.". F.A. Again and again, their detective work seemed to trace the story of the crystal skulls back to a specific time frame from the 1860s to the 1890s and a single man, Boban. However, these 13 skulls should only be unified when humanity is prepared for these secrets. Examples of Gaslighting in a Relationship. YoutubeAnna Mitchell-Hedges toured worldwide with the Skull of Doom and gave lectures on its purported psychic powers and mythic past. The results of these studies demonstrated that those examined were manufactured in the mid-19th . This means that whenever a piece of crystal or quartz is cut, it has to be done according to the axis formed by the molecular structure of the rock. After extensive investigations done on the skull of doom, it is safe to say that the skull is a phony. A New Look at PreColumbian Mesoamerican Collections", "Skeptoid #98: The Crystal Skull: Mystical, or Modern? See Garvin (1973, caption to photo 25); also Nickell (2007, p. 67). 10" Carved Quartz Crystal Dinosaur Skull - Roar! The Crystal Skull Conclave is a consciousness that resides within crystal skulls. And yet the real story of these fake crystal skulls is nonetheless filled with intrigue and mystery. Mitchell-Hedges in his book Danger, My Allywrites that the skull is a skull of doom that must have taken at least 150 years to rub down to pure crystal and was at least 3600 years old. Its origin was not stated in his catalogue of the time. As she worked backward, she found that she was able to trace different skulls back to a very similar time period. Crystal Skull on display at the Muse du Quai Branly, Paris. It was only thanks to a number of investigations like Walshs in recent years that archaeologists have largely come to the consensus that these crystal skulls are fakes. crystal skull with cross stuck in it. [21], Perhaps the most famous and enigmatic skull was allegedly discovered in 1924 by Anna Mitchell-Hedges, adopted daughter of British adventurer and popular author F.A. An airing of this claim appeared (among an assortment of others made) in The Mystery of the Crystal Skulls,[51] a 2008 program produced for the Sci Fi Channel in May and shown on Discovery Channel Canada in June. Heres why each season begins twice. [46], The "Smithsonian Skull", Catalogue No. Above the table with the gumball machine and spider in the box there is a lamp - two bulbs made to look like candle flames and a face - mouse over, move in and click on it to open a door into the sad, little bedroom that used to be Bruno's (apparently - since we only see two and I don't think he was sleeping with Rene!). She traced both the British and Paris skulls to a 19th-century amateur archaeologist and French antiquities dealer named Eugene Boban. What is wind chill, and how does it affect your body? This crystal skull is in the archives of the British Museum and was once owned by Tiffany & Co. of New York. So, increasingly, they started turning to subject experts for help. It wasnt just the Aztecs, either. Get Latest Tech , Education & News. A562841-0 in the collections of the Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, was mailed to the Smithsonian Institution anonymously in 1992, and was claimed to be an Aztec object by its donor and was purportedly from the collection of Porfirio Diaz. See also Walsh (1997). It was much too big, the proportions were off, the teeth and circular depressions at the temples did not look right, and overall it seemed too rounded and polished, Walsh and a colleague, Brett Topping, wrote in their book, The Man Who Invented Aztec Crystal Skulls: The Adventures of Eugne Boban. He dubbed it the skull of doom and that several people who have cynically laughed at it have died, others have been stricken and become seriously ill. Finally, he cryptically added: how it came into my possession I have reason for not revealing., After his death, Anna Mitchell-Hedges spent decades spreading the skulls mythos globally on international tours and through appearances on television shows such as Arthur C. Clarkes Mysterious World. (1) Fab Threads. Instead, other forms of analysis were used to determine the biography of the British and Smithsonian skulls. Daniel Rennie is a freelance writer residing in Melbourne, Australia. Rock-crystal skull. In major museum collections around the world, you can find masterfully carved and haunting crystal skulls in all manner of styles and sizes. In the late 19th century, Madagascar and Brazil exported rock crystal to France at the same time Boban was selling antiquities and fakes. dignity memorial obituaries riverside ca Facebook. The museums themselves werent ignorant about fakes, but they also didnt know enough to avoid them. So skulls made from quartz may help you to more easily make a connection with your skull, or to Spirit using the skulls energy to advance this aim. He continues to believe in its mystical properties. In this area, players can access the "Doom . Mitchell-Hedge on October 15, 1943, from a Sothebys auction in London, England. Skull Crossbones Clipart | Skull Crossbones Cut File for Cricut | Skull Crossbones Svg Jpg Eps Pdf Png SC633 . Free shipping for many products! May 04, 2013. All records of the skulls she looked at had records from the 1860s to the 1890s, and all had connections to a Frenchman and amateur archaeologist named Eugene Boban. They couldnt have realized that he was selling them forgeries or that he had invented crystal skulls because they didnt know Aztec society well enough. There are also issues with the dates associated with the finding of the skull of doom. Legend of the Crystal Skulls. Thousands are produced every year . It has been established that this skull was made with modern tools, and that it is not authentic. stuck between idk idc and idgaf - floral skulls - Png digital file for sublimation . Menu de navigation crystal skull with cross stuck in it. [31], As well as the traces of mechanical grinding on the teeth noted by Dorland,[32] Mayanist archaeologist Norman Hammond reported that the holes (presumed to be intended for support pegs) showed signs of being made by drilling with metal. The Man Who Invented Aztec Crystal Skulls: The Adventures of Eugne Boban. . For starters, no single crystal skull has ever been recovered from a documented excavation site. Sound and light will also activate your crystal skull as they are sources of energy. Price: US $2,999. When the Aztecs sacrificed humans, theyd rip out people's hearts and put their heads on stakes. There is passion on both sides of the issue, and the fact remains that no one knows for sure who made these skulls and when. Since the discovery of the Mitchell-Hedges skull, as it is called, an origin story of supernatural powers and legendary civilizations has developed. The skull will pictorially replay all events or images of the people who have come into contact with them (i.e. F.A. xi, 387 pages, [24] pages of plates : 23 cm The legend -- The discovery -- The keeper of the skull -- The mystery -- The scientists -- The ancient computer -- The healing skull -- Visions in the skull -- The Boban connection -- The Aztecs and the crystal skull -- The skull and the cross -- The Maya and the crystal skull -- The skull and the ancient calendar -- The British Museum tests -- The . [14] Since the synthesis of carborundum dates only to the 1890s and its wider availability to the 20th century, the researchers concluded "[t]he suggestion is that it was made in the 1950s or later". [54], Paranormal claims and spiritual associations. F.A. But there are a handful of these rather macabre objects that have fueled intense interest and controversy among archaeologists, scientists, spiritualists, and museum officials for more than a century. But, despite the saga of crystal skulls being debunked, some still display them from time to time because of the publics extreme interest. This portion of the myth also stems from the skulls supposed ancient origins. Because crystals and gems have been used throughout ancient times and cultures for their mystical healing powers, believers in the crystal skulls think that ancient people deliberately carved crystals into skulls to increase their ability to impact human healing. Crystal Skull Hub 1 is the first hub world in Kingdom of the Crystal Skull from LEGO Indiana Jones 2: The Adventure Continues. ukrainian military patches; ultra music festival; archangel haniel invocation. So how was this done in the first place? Another crystal skull enthusiast Joke Van Dieten Maasland has a smoky quartz crystal skull, which was discovered in 1906 during the excavation of a Mayan temple in Guatemala. Why wetlands are so critical for life on Earth, Rest in compost? These examinations led Walsh to the conclusion that the skull was probably carved in the 1930s, and was most likely based on the British Museum skull which had been exhibited fairly continuously from 1898. Boban had a record of selling fakes, but neither museum had bought the skulls directly from him. But none of the crystal skulls have captured the popular imagination quite like the Mitchell-Hedges skull. See also discussion of the prior ownership in Nickell (2007, p. 69). After an initial trilogy of well-loved films that have since become classics, the Indiana Jones . In this book, F.A. Through catalogs and exhibitions, he sold artifacts to collectors and museums in the late 19th century. The skull is named E.T. The pacing is slow at times and boring. Boban developed friendships with many of the greatest archaeologists of his day, and took great interest in collecting artifacts from across the region. An 1886 article in the journal, decried the trade in spurious Mexican antiquities., 5 Skulls That Shook Up the Story of Human Evolution, Aztec Crystal Skulls: The Skull Fascination. The handful of known skulls have defied even the most advanced scientific efforts to determine who made them, when, and most puzzling, how. But in the 1860s, when the skulls appeared on the market . There is one Skulls and one Terminal to find. Not according to biology or history. A detailed analysis of the crystal skull's surface has revealed that it was cut and polished with the sort of rotating wheel common in the jewellery houses of 19th . She looks alluring and I her use of the accent is hilarious. May 24, 2021 crystal skull with cross stuck in itbest jobs for every zodiac sign. Volume 61 Number 3, May/June 2008. by Jane MacLaren Walsh. They carved ornate skulls into stone and depicted their gods wearing human skulls as jewelry. shows Britain's ancient Anglo-Saxon society as more genetically diverse than once thought. A mans world? YoutubeThe legend of the crystal skulls started with the 1924 Mitchell-Hedges Skull, a.k.a. 6.00 to 182.40. National Geographic Society, "The Truth Behind: The Crystal Skulls" (2011), a broadcast which includes an interview with Dr. Jane Walsh, Smithsonian Institution: "It was sold at auction, at Sotheby's, to Frederick Mitchell-Hedges, so he didn't get it at Lubaantun, he didn't dig it up. [7] Research carried out on several crystal skulls at the British Museum in 1967, 1996 and 2004 shows that the indented lines marking the teeth (for these skulls had no separate jawbone, unlike the Mitchell-Hedges skull) were carved using jeweler's equipment (rotary tools) developed in the 19th century, making a pre-Columbian origin untenable. Mitchell-Hedges' quote, as reproduced in Nickell (2007, p. 67). 4/5. Look through it - it has a phone number you will need to call and a postcard with some letters on it. Arguably, the most famous case of a crystal skull is the case of the skull of doom, also known as the Mitchell-Hedges Skull. Next, raman spectroscopic analysis was used to determine the origin of the crystal. The presence of similar skulls in the collections of the Musee du Quai Branly in Paris and the British Museum in London seemed only to legitimize these fanciful stories. [44][full citation needed] Particle accelerator tests also revealed occluded traces of water that were dated to the 19th century, and the Quai Branly released a statement that the tests "seem to indicate that it was made late in the 19th century". Receipt of the Mitchell-Hedge skull, purchased by F.A. She guesses that the skull of doom was created to copy the Tiffany & Co. skull that is now the property of the British Museum. Boban, who specialized in Aztec artifacts, frequently traveled to Mexico to purchase antiquities and take them back to Paris to sell in his shop. Scientists just confirmed a 30-foot void first detected inside the monument years ago. See discussion of the various claims put forward by Sams, Kenneth Meadows, Harley Swift Deer Reagan and others concerning crystal skulls. The investigation concluded that this skull also was made recently. And for generations, museum visitors have been captivated by their allure. A Rose Quartz Skull near the border of Honduras has a movable mandible. There were several skulls scattered worldwide, but all held connections tracing to the pre-Columbian Americas. [8], The type of crystal was determined by examination of chlorite inclusions. An 1886 letter claimed that this man had tried to sell a fake crystal skull to Mexicos national museum. . Quartz helps to amplify the energy of other crystals and to amplify your thoughts. In her research, Walsh found irrefutable proof the Mitchell-Hedges skull was just as unremarkable as the other crystal skulls. According to books written by alternative theorists, Sha Na Ra, and Max the crystal skull were both tested at the British Museum as well. Boban had originally sold the skull to Alphonse Pinart, an explorer, who it seems off-loaded the skull to another museum in 1878 after the Exposition Universelle noted that the [skulls] authenticity appears doubtful.. Now SG-1 must find Daniel's grandfather to unlock the mystery of the skull and bring Daniel back. One tiny crystal skull owned by the British Museum traced its origins through the prestigious Tiffany & Co. of New York. The crystal skulls are all archaeological imposters. what would martial law in russia mean phoebe arnstein wedding joey michelle knight son picture brown surname jamaica. Anna Mitchell-Hedges toured with the skull from 1967 exhibiting it on a pay-per-view basis. [15], The crystal skull of the British Museum first appeared in 1881, in the shop of the Paris antiquarian, Eugne Boban. [16] It was sold at auction, and bought by Tiffany and Co., who later sold it at cost to the British Museum in 1897. i'm stuck in the attic,i need to get the pirate hat also.so how do i get out of the attic and get the pirate hat? . What worked with the other movies was that, taking into account that they were made before the CGI boom, they looked real. Wholesale!. Quotation from Jenkins (2004, pp. C $11.95 shipping. Although they have become so popular and their look is extremely aesthetically pleasing, facts about crystal skulls often get wrapped up in the mythology behind them. When Daniel stares into the skull's eyes, a mysterious force makes him disappear. The crystal is said to be found in Brazil or Madascar and thus inaccessible to pre-Columbian indigenous civilizations. Shia LeBeouf is miscast. See also the 1936 debate on its resemblance to the British Museum skull, in Digby (1936) and Morant (1936). These skeletons may have the answer, Scientists are making advancements in birth controlfor men, Blood cleaning? These Infamous Crystal Skulls Arent From Aztecs Or Aliens, But Just Victorian Hoax Artists. Records showed that a company partner bought it at a Boban auction in 1897. All rights reserved. According to the Smithsonian, Boban acquired his crystal skulls from sources in Germany, aligning with conclusions made by the British Museum. Crystal skulls are also referred to by author Drunvalo Melchizedek in his book Serpent of Light. Foshags investigation revealed that the object was definitely a fake, created with modern jewelry-making tools and techniques. Museum says crystal skull not Aztec", "With a high-tech microscope, scientist exposes hoax of 'ancient' crystal skulls", Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, "What is Real? Going further back into history, the Maya and the Olmecs before them also used skulls in their spiritual practices and their art. Five fossil skull finds, each with its own controversy, provide a glimpse into how much weve learned about our origin story and how much remains uncertain. Also, that doesnt mean that all museums necessarily agree though. Eventually, her quest would lead to the Mitchell-Hedges skull. nikki sixx net worth 2021. crystal skull with cross stuck in itst michael's school toronto scandal. Walsh found that the skull that the Smithsonian had been given had seemingly appeared out of nowhere in the late 1800s. Both museums estimate that their skulls date to sometime in the mid to late 1800s, a time when public interest in ancient cultures was high and museums were eager for pieces to display. A crystal skull is a crystalline object shaped like a cranium, some of which have supernatural properties. The film looks too artificial. As it was hypothesized that the Crystal Skull was a replica of an actual human skull, the conclusion was that it could not have been created by ancient Americans. Kunz. motorcycle accident penn national Youtube Even today, you can still see some on display. crystal skull with cross stuck in itpost tame stat calculator ark. See the account given by Smithsonian anthropologist Jane Walsh of her joint investigations with British Museum's materials scientist Margaret Sax, which ascertained the crystal skull specimens to be 19th century fakes, in Smith (2005). Dorland reported being unable to find any tell-tale scratch marks, except for traces of mechanical grinding on the teeth, and he speculated that it was first chiseled into rough form, probably using diamonds, and the finer shaping, grinding and polishing was achieved through the use of sand over a period of 150 to 300 years. An 1886 article in the journal Science decried the trade in spurious Mexican antiquities., Read more: 5 Skulls That Shook Up the Story of Human Evolution. Approx. It has been established that the crystal skulls in the British Museum and Paris's Muse de l'Homme[10] were originally sold by the French antiquities dealer Eugne Boban, who was operating in Mexico City between 1860 and 1880. After this crash course in the origins of crystal skulls, check out these creepy legends with true origins. All are varied in size and carved from either clear, cloudy, or colored quartz. And since there is currently no way to accurately determine the age of such inorganic objects, the mystery will likely continue. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo is the most common type of vertigo. Indiana Jones: Brutal couple of years, huh, Charlie? Carborundum occurs naturally only in minute amounts in the extremely rare mineral, See reportage of the study in Rincon (2008), and the study itself in Sax. gamespot.comgiantbomb.commetacritic.comfandom.comfanatical.com, Privacy PolicyCookie SettingsDo Not Sell My InformationReportAd. Crystal skulls have been a popular subject appearing in numerous science fiction television series, novels, films, and video games. Still, it wasnt until a milky-white rock crystal skull was delivered anonymously to the Smithsonian Institute in Washington D.C. in 1992 that the mystery of the crystal skulls origins would finally be unraveled. Around the same time, experts had started noticing fake Aztec and pre-Columbian artifacts flooding museum collections. The scientific studies focused exclusively on the skulls in their museums. Huge 6.2" CARNELIAN Carved Crystal Skull, Super Realistic, Healing #062. Other popular origin stories surrounding crystal skulls include both the lost city of Atlantis and aliens. 343 Guilty Spark is the sixth mission in Halo: Combat Evolved. ", https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/E_Am1898-1, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crystal_skull&oldid=1133316258, This page was last edited on 13 January 2023, at 05:14. [13] Using electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography, a team of British and American researchers found that the British Museum skull was worked with a harsh abrasive substance such as corundum or diamond, and shaped using a rotary disc tool made from some suitable metal. $22.95 USD. 20 years later, in 1898, the British Museum bought their skull from Tiffany and Co. Radiocarbon dating, one of the most common tests used to determine the age of an object, was ruled out because it cannot date quartz. Meanwhile, real archaeological artifacts were also streaming out of Mexico. 21.00. Public Anger Over Soaring Food And Fuel Prices, Rupee falls sharply amid delay in IMF deal, How import substitution shaped economies of Pakistan, India, Infectious medical waste of PIMS Islamabad being sold to scrap dealer. Thirteen crystal skulls were brought together here as part of series of such gatherings at sacred sites expected to have culminated on 11/11/11 at the Crystal Skulls World Mysteries Gateway Conference to be held at a Los Angeles hotel. they contain the history of our world).". Why would so much work and time be spent on perfecting a human skull made out of one of the hardest substances known to man after diamonds, rock crystal? But can any of these legends be trusted? Again and again, their detective work seemed to trace the story of the crystal skulls back to a specific time frame from the 1860s to the 1890s . The SEM micrographs revealed evidence that the crystal had been worked with a high speed, hard metal rotary tool coated with a hard abrasive, such as diamond. It is alleged that Walsh was asked for the results of the scientific tests on Sha Na Ra and Max, and responded with no comment.. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Centre de recherche et de restauration des muses de France. $14.99 $ 14. par ; juillet 2, 2022 Frederick Mitchell-Hedges, who was known to embellish his adventures, wrote of the skull in his 1954 memoir Danger My Ally and claimed it was a relic of the Mayans. They devote attention, too, to a beautiful adze and a mysterious crystal skull", "Study of two large crystal skulls in the collections of the British Museum and the Smithsonian Institution", Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing, "The mystery of the British Museum's crystal skull is solved. punjabi fm radio montreal; sims 4 blood stain cc; how many months until march 2021; 1987 marlin boat. Everyday, spend 5-10 minutes sitting quietly with your skull as you reflect about your day or keep it near you as you write in your journal. Which travel companies promote harmful wildlife activities? Crystal Skull on display at the Muse du Quai Branly, Paris. One of the first things Walsh noticed was the stylistic differences between the crystal skulls and those depicted in Mesoamerican art. He traveled there extensively and over the years, he eventually became an archaeologist working for a member of the French Scientific Commission in Mexico. But what some scientists and sceptics say about these skulls is that they were probably made in the 1800s, as the tools used or required to do such work were not available to the civilisations of the past. Price: US $7,990. With its distinctive bottle and celebrity ownership, this is one vodka brand that doesn't just fly under the radar. Interviewees included Richard Hoagland, who attempted to link the skulls and the Maya to life on Mars, and David Hatcher Childress, proponent of lost Atlantean civilizations and anti-gravity claims. A British Museum study in fact pinpointed the manufacture of most of the skulls to an area of Germany famous for manufacturing intricate quartz and crystal designs in the late 19th century. Receipt for the purchasing of a Crystal Skull from Tiffany & Co., to the British Museum, circa 1898. 217218). [6] Although museums had acquired skulls earlier, it was Eugne Boban, an antiquities dealer who opened his shop in Paris in 1870, who is most associated with 19th-century museum collections of crystal skulls. 7576), also Hewlett-Packard (1971, p. 9). After burning 33 hectares of thick forestation, the area revealed a huge stone pyramid, walls of a city and an amphitheatre, which could seat thousands of spectators. To an audience, she reported that the Mayans told her that the skull was used to will death.. The discovery of this skull tower belies the staggering scale of human sacrifice happening in what was then the Aztec capital city. [11] The British Museum crystal skull transited through New York's Tiffany & Co., while the Muse de l'Homme's crystal skull was donated by Alphonse Pinart, an ethnographer who had bought it from Boban. jackson taylor and the sinners live at billy bob's; assassin's creed 3 remastered delivery requests glitch; 4 in 1 lava factory walmart instructions 2023 GAMESPOT, A FANDOM COMPANY. updated Dec 2, 2014. A significant part of the myths surrounding crystal skulls is that they have healing powers. Perhaps the most famous crystal skull of all, the so-called Mitchell-Hedges skull, has similarly been identified as a fake. And Walsh was also aware of their dubious side, having exhibited a skull in a museum exhibit that labeled it a fake. A colleague gave the skull to Walsh to look after. They were found in Guatemala and Mexico. The impurities on the skull in the British Museum revealed that the quartz originated from Brazil or Madagascar and not Mexico. The mysterious crystal skulls were found in the ancient ruins of Mayan and Aztec civilizations and are believed to be between 5,000 and 36,000 years old. It was apparently in 1924 that Anne Mitchell-Hedges found the skull at . Portrait of Eugene Boban, the French dealer who is thought to be responsible for the circulation of crystal skulls. "These iron chlorite inclusions found in the British Museum's fake skull are found only in quartz from Brazil or Madagascar but not Mexico; "A Great Labor Problem. See also articles on the investigations which established it to be a fake, in Connor (2005), Jury (2005), Smith (2005), and Walsh (1997, 2008). In her last eight years, Anna Mitchell-Hedges lived in Chesterton, Indiana, with Bill Homann, whom she married in 2002. (Credit: Photo by Rafa Chagasiewicz/CC by 3.0/Wikimedia Commons), Sign up for our email newsletter for the latest science news, Eugene Boban, a French antiquarian based in Mexico. [45][full citation needed], In 2009 the C2RMF researchers published results of further investigations to establish when the Paris skull had been carved. Mark goes against all logic and pretends to believe in Crystal Skulls in order to please Cally.#PeepShow #CrystalSkulls #DavidMitchelWelcome to the official . Supposedly, there are 13 of these skulls that originated in ancient Mesoamerica and were carved by either the Aztec or Mayan civilization. The Smithsonian Crystal Skull was carved from White Quartz (aka: rock crystal) in the form of a hollow human skull. is a cute rom-com with a distinctly Pakistani flavour that warms the heart, Govt swallows last bitter pills to keep IMF sweet, In veiled criticism of India, Khar says supply of advanced weapons straining regions security environment, Elections in Punjab on April 30, announces President Alvi, Living on a prayer: The men running Pakistans economy are entirely clueless, Deal will be done, but difficult to say when, Pakistan expects $1.3bn financing from Chinas ICBC in coming days: Dar, Ready to talk to army chief for betterment of country: Imran Khan, To increase exports, Pakistan must restructure its economic policies to benefit the many, not the few, Editorial: The likelihood of default is growing, regardless of how much the finance minister denies it, Whenever politicians in Pakistan tried to take independent decisions, they were heavily punished, Local inhabitants of hydrocarbon-rich regions in Pakistan do not enjoy the benefits of their natural resources, Imran suspends Jail Bharo Tehreek after SC valiantly upholds Constitution. Then in April 2008, a year after Anna Mitchell-Hughes died at the age of 100, the same scientific tests verified that the Mitchell-Hedges skull was also of modern construction. [25] Recent evidence has come to light showing that F.A.

Differentiate The 2 Ways Of Expressing Uncertainty, Rick Dale Daughter Ally, Section 8 Houses For Rent In Xenia, Ohio, St Augustine High School Football Schedule, R V Emmett 1999 Case Summary, Articles C