Failure of Reconstruction (video) | Khan Academy endstream endobj 116 0 obj <>stream Who became president when Lincoln was assassinated? kcP`?=xI87eC{+Fj*?ya By allowing the former Confederates to reenter the political arena, Republicans faced an uphill battle against the surge in Democratic support and voter-suppression tactics aimed at Republicans and African Americans. In June 1868, Congress determined that Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, and South Carolina had met the requirements, and the states were admitted to the Union. But charges of corruption were not limited to Grants administration. Congress enacted its Reconstruction program over Johnson's veto. Congressional Reconstruction. Which group was still not aloud to vote? Communities would combine their farms yields to ensure everyone had enough food. Did Congress do anything about white violence? What terms did the Reconstruction Act of 1867 put in place for the Southern states who had not yet ratified the Fourteenth Amendment? hVKo@+{l>[" mD1j*E9Uvwf]R0p#\hXbX@" kB" z5:w[*aUwiD2[Av4ft?eSdMN'Vm'yl9/fh-5E"$tXM_=?)[1ZX&/rW-]gK@0Xmzf7+U-"jE1ENM|:2!US.N,'(g({e]a]X`6K(R(:eFF| hwAocF@s00Zm/~;?VJoI(s` }L 6k'pU]sT@VY&Cv; XH8FgCL=rM5Ax6Kv$8u#+8>&`v ? Would he or she feel anger over, anything? White Violence- southerners could deal better than the north While this lesson will not provide answers for all of these questions, the hope is that it will point students in the direction of seeking out such answers with the documents and the interactive provided and formulating their own similar kinds of questions. A Short Overview of the Reconstruction Era and Ulysses S. Grant's %%EOF `a{/uXZO`qf\ v-Nf. While many of the efforts at reconstruction were legitimate and well-intentioned, a good number were not. Equality at the ballot box would be a work in progress for decades to come. Who was the Republican leader in the House? blacks could vote and hold office. No. Women still could not vote. What tactic was used? What did the 15th Amendment accomplish ? It is the year 1877 and, in the wake of the election of Rutherford B. Hayes, Union troops finally have been recalled from the South. Sharecropping. quizlet The states were allowed to ignore the Fourteenth Amendment. follow the worksheet and think about how this person would feel about Reconstruction. What did the Black Codes indicate to the North? These conditions made it quite difficult for the Republican Party to get much of a foothold in the South among any except black voters and those who had relocated from the North. Essentially repudiating the 1857 Dred Scott decision, the amendment clearly states that all persons born or naturalized in the United States are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. It provides for due process and equal protection under the law. Given sentence below refers to a numbered sentence in the passage. answer choices True False Question 19 30 seconds Q. Ulysses S. Grant was confronted with these momentous questions upon his election to the presidency in 1868. For all groups: The Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, Group A: Excerpt from Frederick Douglass, Address to the Massachusetts Antislavery Society, April 1865, Group B: Letter from President Ulysses S. Grant to the Hon. Segregation was legal, as long as the notion of separate but equal was being followed. Johnson denounced the Fourteenth Amendment and urged the southern states not to ratify it. (southern Democrats). Georgia, along with Mississippi, Texas, and Virginia, had to satisfy an additional condition: ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment, which prohibited the states from denying a citizen the right to vote because of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. They gave land to the railroads. As resistance and violence continued to spread in the South, Republican resolve began to weaken. y@bi(^k^izu#(fN@)Z4x[wN)Gd\JvWma:M;:*BL5;Sh`2lM^YQ2k(!W7.W)J0>krA"eXk+n R/B.zuu7' ]apJ|_wv^k| +^|B`:H$wlEnT*8@0vX{[rm6FoN,iE?FF/mh@u'Q{$]pJn07a8Y9U-A/, S7GYjkQUKC2"qxLa=23P21 |0Cm)r PS)et%.H e' The period following the Civil War in which Congress passed laws designed to rebuild the country and bring Southern states back into the Union What was a Which of the following is true of the Civil Rights Act of 1866? In this activity, students will be asked to imagine that they are research assistants gathering evidence for a prominent historian (the teacher) during the years following Reconstruction. Some of this language may be difficult for students to understand without some guidance. This legislation overturned "Black Codes" that had been established in the former Confederate states and had been used to keep African Americans in a near-state of slavery. The states could enter the Union if they promised they would ratify the Fourteenth Amendment within five years. With an interactive map that combines statistics with the thoughts and ideas of people living through this difficult period, students will consider the ways in which efforts at recovery were either successful or disappointing. What were the economic beliefs of the Radical Republicans? The objective is to show the students how the combination of facts, opinions, statistics, and pictures can broaden their understanding of a subject. Radical Republicans thought it was letting the South off too easily. Same as Lincoln's but military officials and persons with property worth more than $20,000 had to apply directly to the President for a pardon. accomplished nothing, it was almost never enforced. ;R5p c-Ncc:ey].Ai4d1]'M-azo!/,'Kx5,:aC;C .Qhg To conclude, the Reconstruction was almost a complete failure. The teacher may wish to review these documents so as to be able to explain any difficult vocabulary or unfamiliar vernacular. The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution officially abolished and continues to prohibit slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. All of the amendments were made to protect former slaves and their rights but on paper they did not have any rights. Reconstruction Era National Historic Park in Beaufort, South Carolina defines Reconstruction as having started in 1861 (the beginning of the American Civil War) and lasting until the early twentieth century. This meant that the huge majorities Republicans then enjoyed were, so to speak, operating on borrowed time. Which of the following best summarizes President Lincolns attitude toward the policies and process of Reconstruction? 75RockiCr ? D. H. Chamberlain, Governor of South Carolina (on the occasion of riots in Hamburg, S.C.), August 1, 1876, Group C: Excerpt from Carl Schurz, speech in the Senate, January 30, 1872, Group D: Rutherford B. Hayes, letter of acceptance of the nomination for the Presidency, June 8, 1876. African Americans began to be elected to federal, state, and local governmental posts. The KKK wanted to move power in government back to the Democratic Party. What wasthe primary purpose of the Reconstruction period following the Civil War? Did it accomplish anything? WebIdentify specific problems that may have emerged as a result of Reconstruction policy in its many and varied permutations. endstream endobj 419 0 obj <>stream The passage of the 14th Amendment and Civil Rights legislation were great victories for the advocates of equality under the law. evaluating reconstruction quizlet Blacks were required to either sign labor contracts or face arrest for vagrancy, and they were not allowed to serve on juries or testify in court. In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President. The Presidential Plans (Lincoln and Johnson), the Congressional (Radical Republican), and then Military control (Military Reconstruction Act - South broken down into 5 military districts), Communication des organisations - section 3, Lincoln's vs. Johnson's Plans for Reconstruct, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Civil War, Reconstruction and Old West Review. HUKo0WhUK( It contributed to a chastening of Republican ambitions in the South and forced the party to concentrate on maintaining its base of support in the North rather than growing the party in Dixie. Explain your choice. What lesson did the Republicans learn from Grant's slim victory? Borrowed what they needed on credit from the owner, it was a bad because the farmer always owed more money than they made on the farm, leaving them stuck in this system. A large number of Republican lawmakers regained seats in Southern state governments, but chose to abandon Reconstruction reforms. For this activity, the students will use the interactive maps [temporarily located at http://civclients.com/nehint/recon/] as well as the documents specified below that can be found in the Text Document for Activity 1. Although the Lost Cause narrative argued that Grant's presidency had been a complete failure, more recent scholarship has attempted to reevaluate his legacy in a more balanced manner, highlighting both the accomplishments and shortcomings of his eight years in office. In some cases these newcomers were motivated by noble sentiment, while others were merely out to seek their fortunes. pNqmjEJOpKxZv{u 4-aCn v84l%_YYk:Ii:vSG#oa H"x\*Uj/V-,!9.RT5\VM_nCdB5" \.x}{ No/^+4.svjc;NfdHsfJhl\_e2nsS,{ Why of why not? What was the immediate cause of Johnson's impeachment? they had belonged to the democratic party known as the bourbon democrats. This lesson plan will explore the social, economic and political conditions of the United States as Reconstruction drew to a close in the years leading up to the Compromise of 1877. %%EOF He believed that there would be no benefit to punishing southern states. Which of the following describes the African American experience in the Reconstruction-Era South? What was the purpose of the Freedmens Bureau? Why did Republicans retreat from their commitment to black voting and civil rights? For each group, briefly describe (in one paragraph) the primary motivations and objectives that moved them to action. What limited African American freedom during Reconstruction? endstream endobj 118 0 obj <>stream And Failures Of The Reconstruction Era Yes, a few. Jabir ibn Hayyan replaced the.. of a misinformed philosophy with the rigors of objective experimentation. Federal troops were removed from the Southern states and the Democratic majority was entrusted to protect and enforce the rights of African Americans. These groups will take on the role of special investigative committees reporting to a Congressional committee examining the effects of Reconstruction. it was now all white corruption so did not attract as much attention. wF.*is5oGYqUTsaqrY)$y, "beVv1=;"urk{k"56#UEli[EB9}qJ=YY@jOU{[89K,2M`` the amendment stating that all people born in the US have the same rights and are all born equal under the law. Chapter 16 Print out all material from the Text Documents, and make the appropriate number of copies for the students. What was President Johnsons role in the period of Radical Reconstruction that took place in 1867 and 1868? Who were the group of people known as carpetbaggers who emerged in the Reconstruction-era South? was a name for southern whites who supported Reconstruction in the South, often Republican. The carpetbaggers, so named because of how they travelled light with inexpensive luggage made of fabric, were largely a benign group of Northern Republicans seeking a fresh start in the South (despite Southern Democrats fears to the contrary). It forbade any state to deny any citizen the right to vote because of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude", Northerners who went south in search for profits; Southners who supported the Republican governments in the South. In the South, the failure of Republican state governments to make serious inroads on the politics of the region led to a weakening resolve to protect the civil and political rights of freedmen. Question 11 30 seconds Q. The Civil Rights Act of 1866 guaranteed African Americans in The Learning Page at the American Memory Project of the Library of Congress includes a set of activities to develop primary document skills. These expanding Northern cities were a draw for much of the dislocated workforce in the Southincluding newly freed slaves. Turn in their completed worksheets from Activities 1 and 2 for a grade. The process of rebuilding the South after the Civil War. and then to be taken up again in the Civil Rights struggles of the 20th century. plan was the easiest on the South? Question 3 How did the WadeDavis Bill deal with the issues of Reconstruction? What was the Freedmen's Bureau? The website Making Sense of Letters and Diaries is one such site. Ex. Ryan read an exegesis of the cryptic poem because .. What is meant by the term Reconstruction? Compute the acceleration of the particle after 2 seconds -30. What was the congressional response? 10% plan What was Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction called? Southern States had to approve the 13Amendment 2) Southern states had to nullify seceding from the union. RZhC Identify specific problems that may have emerged as a result of Reconstruction policy in its many and varied permutations. Return to slavery in a different way. still conservative Republicans. Saliency maps reveal directly how much a change in each input pixel would affect reconstruction loss, while each pixel's reconstruction error may be attributed to many input pixels when layers are fully connected. pF{:RTV Instead, Johnson focused primarily on putting Union-loyal white leaders in place in Southern statehouses. Granted citizenship, due process, and equal protection under the law. ~~C9;9owSQ?C ` N- Reconstruction Who were its members? Moreover, the horrors of the late war were alive in the memories of most Americans and the real or imagined threat of resumed and open hostilities operated with more persuasive force than the best of arguments. Women's groups withdrew support to work on woman's suffrage. universal male suffrage, HUO0~_qo'N$bMLBB#%mSIn;6wNO'Hb In any event, these Northern carpetbaggers were viewed as outsiders and exploiters by many who formerly had been loyal to the Confederacy. Stanton was suspended in August 1867 and replaced with Grant as an interim. The speeches backfired. Who did it benefit? Sharecropping practices kept many African Americans in working conditions that werent a significant improvement over slavery. Amnesty was granted to any southerner who took an oath of allegiance, with the exception of Confederate officials, officers, and wealthy landowners. In fact, African Americans took part in all the conventions and made up the majority of delegates in South Carolina. Both African Americans and whites were part of the carpetbagger migration. Copy of Evaluating Reconstruction Interactive Activity.docx, Karen-Hernandez_Evaluating_Reconstruction_Interactive_Activity, Evaluating Reconstruction Interactive Project.docx, Janmarco Ordonez Romero - Evaluating Reconstruction Interactive Project.pdf, Linh Ho - Reconstruction Notes Questions.docx, Deysha Macrae Reconstruction assignment.docx, HIS 121-W1 Ch. Losing the Civil War meant that the South would have to conform to the laws of the United States. HWn}W*(5X,lvLvv}X[ZKq>yFNIQ:UNWOo+S.~/\N($B;f %QI`MVy*|UrS=/4t4_&y^F?7KH84ZxGIUl~&=$wZ]mI_}?cIt4.#9r{s~zn|'nDD DqPz7.|f@(F_k~mz\(J( ,l=70$(yAbs[ki i l}QXvf;;4f74x4B3G3=!7.W X5Xz4]?w/ %Q:!^M_}8z:K H?Ce[U|.CKu@CY) iw#7PY7WP$|WPUqAr5vVK]tok*Dx|MX:-!O Jo#=j8u>rRt\?n! ~.Mgq1JwPD_8 sgA4DY_.kYTP@FuU;zvbEFX=1 S$&5blu1X3=y\W]lh 5f+tY[SU%-6+VZX]r6_>:@ t QYoySE"6=sPoa'&vxgO,q2@pYb: S,d.b9Ij?z/pT0,8[Bx53;IGbxfBQcNx;sLWcw1s}(5_1TJz0O#FNl7DysZjEnjN0_k!d.vT&_AfjwGlEPC|aVK=:+JG}gg] @@ovkV\Uv(%xR\V&%9 cn_n@:/X4m4dIo1i`m[q}+ql4w WebThe reconstruction approach they preferred was embodied in the WadeDavis bill (July 1864), which called for the establishment of a military government in each state and required at least fifty percent of the eligible voters to swear allegiance to the United States. Grant also supported a series of legislative acts in 1871 to enhance the federal government's ability to use the military to stop acts of racial terrorism committed by the Ku Klux Klan, and in 1875 he signed a Civil Rights law that outlawed racial discrimination in public transportation and accommodations, and barred black exclusion from jury service. The Compromise of 1877 gave the South and its Democratic majority the reigns to carry out social and legal reforms as they saw fit without federal interference or oversight. It gave all men, regardless of race, the ability to vote in the United States. How did the WadeDavis Bill deal with the issues of Reconstruction? The worksheet provided in the Text Document for Activity 1 asks two sets of questions: one set relates to the document, and the other relates to the corresponding section of the interactive. A large number of immigrants and African Americans were given voting rights. Under the Constitution, the House of Representatives acts as a grand jury in impeachment cases and determines whether there is enough evidence to bring an official to trial. Rather than working with congressmen who might have supported his Reconstruction plan, Johnson alienated potential political allies by vetoing legislation intended to ensure civil rights for African Americans. #;ou20/. WebList the groups in chronological order that ran and controlled the Reconstruction process in the US Government. The great political battles of the era were full of interesting reflections and assertions about the nature and purpose of America and American government. Adoption of the amendment was an issue in the 1866 congressional elections, but the president's campaign against it did not work. Reconstruction Flashcards | Quizlet Group A: Excerpts from the testimony of Maddie Curtis from Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States From Interviews with Former Slaves, North Carolina Narratives, 1937, Group B: Excerpt from Rev. Booth, a stage actor, had ties to the Confederate cause. E&GvBQ"RYP F2;~}i,v K_)DR zdh[_/P&ME *8-pmw(j7Qjcmj9~::$x}v8@;aZwO,qo Did black legislatures outnumber whites in any state legislatures? WebDuring Reconstruction, three new amendments to the Constitution redefined freedom, citizenship, and democracy in the United States. &!O3bsJ!WK^86QP91IDY LcB=G[s^P`~`AB)Pd~yfOqbS(ox2GWb{quG9sX }Lg U[* In this Why Did Reconstruction Come to an End? Reconstruction came to an end as a direct result of too many Southerners opposing the reconstruction. Describe the agriculture system of the New South. Johnson deliberately removed himself from the decisions involving Reconstruction. Many Native American tribes were stripped of their lands, moved onto reservations, forced into an assimilation program not of their choosing, and in some cases massacred by settlers and/or the U.S. Army. In February 1868, after months of investigation, the House voted to impeach the president, largely on the grounds that Johnson had violated the Tenure of Office Act in firing Edwin Stanton. Locate the vocabulary word gesticulation in the text. 'B!Kck#'=kimtfqqT~>(i{w-[V] bookmarked pages associated with this title. If loading fails, click here to try again. The vote in the Senate was thirtyfive to nineteen in favor of conviction, one short of the necessary twothirds majority. Learning Objectives Evaluate the successes and Republicans were in control of both the House and Senate, and they gave a ringing endorsement to the amendment and congressional, not presidential, Reconstruction. Expert Help. But how much really changed? How would you evaluate corruption in the Reconstruction legislatures? In 1865 President Andrew Johnson implemented a plan of Reconstruction that gave the white South a free hand in regulating the transition from slavery to freedom and offered no role to blacks in the politics of the South. Describe the general character of the social conditions within the nation in the aftermath of Reconstruction. Split ten former Confederate states (excluding Tennessee) into five military districts to be overseen by the U.S. military and mandated that each state rewrite its state constitution to allow for black male voting rights before readmittance into the Union. Johnson and Secretary of War Edwin Stanton were bitter enemies, and the president wanted to get rid of him. `cw]}{(ugeFo, +mKk.]{g~S^NWs0znS`~Zm%,Kw~vBY5_oLx|? (113M Connect to Life Which speaker's view of love appeals more to you? At every step, Congress intervened and put laws in place that circumvented and, in some cases, limited the Presidents authority. How did many Southern states work around the voting rights guaranteed in the Fifteenth Amendment? was a negative term Southerners adopted and gave to opportunistic and speculative Northerners who moved to the South during the Reconstruction Era, often seen as frauds. beOai4sA 'aKjlNa )u1d[I{4{[ @vKZtQUGm1)V8'. It helped the Republicans seat more than 2/3 majority in the House and Congress. 2 Third step is about monitoring of collections 3 Involves the evaluation of. If the teachers students have little experience evaluating primary source documents, there are several websites that include activities to help students develop these skills. A bill was introduced in February 1866 to reauthorize the oneyearold Freedmen's Bureau and allow it to try in military courts persons accused of depriving former slaves of their rights. Lincoln realized that, with the war over, anything that prolonged the divide between North and South would be harmful to the nation overall. It required that 50 percent of a state's voters take the oath of allegiance and demanded stronger safeguards for emancipation than Lincoln's as the price of readmission. "waving the bloody shirt" reminded the voters of Grant's war victory. They came from a wide variety of backgrounds ranging from highly-educated professionals to former Civil War soldiers. Corruption compromised the ability of the government and, frequently, of private interests to facilitate the reconstruction of the South. Booth assassinated President Lincoln on April 14, 1865 during the performance of a play in Washington, D.C.s Fords Theater. WebEvaluating Reconstruction from Multiple Perspectives Introduction The 10 year period after the Civil War is known as the Reconstruction Era. Democrats who were previously unable to vote due to their Confederate ties were now able to vote and run for office. Who did the states and congress give free land to? The Civil Rights Act of 1866 defined citizenship and affirmed that all citizens are equally protected by the law. There were those who used their positions for exploitation. Segregation laws were legal in former Confederate states only. e17bZVXrKW@]snp/bAb Ff# 4} GoBEeNoh,:XDlU@? 1&f<6a&wX5:(mIt%`}o"0`PVi>r#7e^2F+Y{\p^W Who were the Exodusters? Laws passed by the South during Presidential Reconstruction that regulated the lives of freed slaves. Established in March 1865, the Bureau had provided blacks in the South with material assistance, schools, and guidance in settling on abandoned land. Certainly, there was deep resentment on the part of many white southerners who did not want to accept the idea of racial equality. What paragraph clues help you determine the possible meaning of the word? dzB;. This represented the reversal of that portion of the Dred Scott decision which ruled that black people were not and could not become citizens of the United States or enjoy any of the privileges and immunities of citizenship. WebQuiz The 1863 Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction proposed A plan for Radical Reconstruction The Ten-Percent Plan The Fifty-Percent Plan Andrew Johnsons Plan for Reconstruction Why did Congress reject Louisianas new constitution in 1864? 0 Atticus G. Haygood (then President of Emory University), Excerpt from a Speech from Richard H. Cain, February 17, 1868 during the South Carolina Constitutional Convention, Excerpt from Senator Carl Schurz of Missouri, Excerpt from a Speech from Richard H. Cain. This show of weakness seemed to set the tone for Grants administration (1869-77) which, though it seemed to offer some promise to restore order and sanity to the South, actually accomplished very little in this realm. 3) The South could not repay loans from countries that helped them. President Johnson vetoed the Act, but Congress overrode his veto to pass it. More recent interpretations, however, offer a broader timeline for Reconstruction. Following Lincoln's assassination, the task of implementing Reconstruction fell to his vice president, Andrew Johnson. #o`9} }#9BNDo9L(]xA g|XW.o&pI.78DBjV]^;. 132 0 obj <>stream Please wait while the activity loads. Established the concepts of birthright citizenship (anyone born within U.S. boundaries or territories subject to the jurisdiction of U.S. law was automatically a U.S. citizen, excluding Indians) and equal protection of the law. they wre industrialists and bankers. gave blacks equal access to public accommodations Determined to prevent Johnson from interfering with their plan, Radical Republicans pushed through two pieces of legislation in March 1867 intended to severely limit presidential power. Many went to work in the mills. The Freedmans Bureau played a key role in helping African Americans gain access to basic needs, education, property, and health care during Reconstruction. What did the conflict between Johnson and Congress result in? Finally, each state legislature had to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment. dkRlbH/Wo/3+Po32dDJAw'sN72G>0,a-X{..\&j;Z0P{~S W]O"Kwrzb\G 7O XctWhpk from your Reading List will also remove any instituted public school systems and did away with the property requirements for voting. The organization put in place after the Civil War to provide schools in the South was known as: answer choices The Civil Rights Committee The teacher may also want to point out that original documents, such as these, retain their original spelling and syntaxeven if incorrect. Reconstruction in Practice. endstream endobj 110 0 obj <>/Metadata 10 0 R/Outlines 25 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/Pages 107 0 R/StructTreeRoot 32 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 111 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> endobj 112 0 obj <>stream Congress passed the Thirteenth Amendment in January 1865, formally outlawing slavery in the United States. Who had been his early political supporters? 422 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<265032BD191E80938A6ADD50CB5C2A09><70F37FA8EF8F2147B5D06180275EA241>]/Index[414 23]/Info 413 0 R/Length 60/Prev 68229/Root 415 0 R/Size 437/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream The federal government pledged larger amounts of financial assistance to the Southern states. What was Johnson's plan for Reconstruction? Right now, he is working on the chapter that examines the importance and impact of the Fourteenth Amendment. Force Acts, KKK Act, gave president authority to call in federal troops if needed, but it happened only once. It required former Confederate states to include a ban on slavery in their state constitutions. answer choices Reconstruction Freedman's Bureau Black Codes Jim Crow Laws Question 7 900 seconds Q. Irving E. Lowery, Life on the Old Plantation in Ante-Bellum Days, 1911, Group C: Excerpt from the conclusion of Holland Thompson, From the Cotton Field to the Cotton Mill: A Study of the Industrial Transition in North Carolina, 1906, Group D: The Resources of North Carolina: Its Natural Wealth, Condition, and Advantages, as Existing in 1869. Teachers may wish to have students read several of the following, which illustrate the tension and uncertainty that existed along with the joy of liberty: Students might then be asked to examine the painting A Visit from the Old Mistress from the EDSITEment-reviewed site Africans in America. Discuss how these policies may have affected attitudes in the country and, subsequently, how these attitudes helped or hindered politics upon the conclusion of the Reconstruction era.
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