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At the time, the adoption by voters of these two competing measures was interpreted alternatively as both an irrational and a rational decision. Almost immediately, ballot measures began to play an increasing role in the creation of public policy. Although the DLL stayed active in 1913 and tried to get several progressive measures through the legislature, in 1914 Lindsey incorporated the Colorado Social Service League and the DLL floundered in his absence. The political and social changes which occurred during this time were a direct response to the corruption and the greed displayed by powerful Robber Barons and tycoons during the Gilded Age. 19th Amendment Chicago voters rejected Democratic Mayor Lori Lightfoots bid for a second term on Tuesday, elevating progressive Cook County Commissioner Brandon Johnson to face conservative candidate Paul Vallas an ardent school privatization advocate in and 27. In fact, Southern Pacific (now Union Pacific Railroad) was involved in numerous California ballot campaigns, from an unsuccessful 1911 legislative referendum that would have allowed public officials to ride for free on trains, to a successful 1948 statutory initiative that required the public Utilities Commission to specify the number of brakemen on trains. Progressive reforms began with the creation of the federal civil service system with the Pendleton Act of 1883. In order of adoption, the states that adopted public utilities commissions were: New York and Wisconsin, 1907; Vermont, 1908; Maryland, 1910; Washington, New Hampshire, Kansas, Nevada, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Ohio, 1911; California and Rhode Island, 1912. Our morbid, economic growth is dangerously lower than historical averages. If the referendum question gains enough yes votes, then it passes. Americans are furious with the overt corruption and incompetence of our politicians and government. WebReferendum - allowed citizens to approve or reject laws Recall - Gave voters the power to remove public servants from office before their end of term. thesis, University of Denver, 1961), 8689Google Scholar. adoption in all states of the initiative referendum and recall it also advocated woman suffrage workmen s Only 94,485 voters (out of the more than 263,000 who voted for President) cast ballots on Measure 13, and just 79,354 voted on Measure 4; in contrast, 192,651 voters cast ballots on Measure 1which received the highest tally of any ballot measurecalling for statewide prohibition. The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. 51. a. working with labor unions to increase worker salaries The Progressive Era was characterized by attempts to embrace, As in other states, when a popular referendum in Colorado receives a majority yes vote, it means that the legislation in question is approvingly retained by the voters. thesis, University of Denver, 1964)Google Scholar. 63. Although Measure 1, which sought to make Colorado a dry state, lost handily, garnering slightly more than 39 percent of the vote, Coloradoans would narrowly pass a similar prohibition initiative in 1914. However, Woodrow Wilson was the first president to strongly support the Progressive creed and strongly asserted that the Constitution and the philosophy of our Founders were archaic. All the progressives ask or desire is permissionin an era when development, evolution, is the scientific wordto interpret the Constitution according to the Darwinian principle. Among the political reforms introduced during the Progressive era was the referendum, by which acts of the legislature are referred to the people for their approval or rejection at an election. Direct Democracy During the Progressive Era: A Crack Univeristy of Denver and Univeristy of Colorado at Boulder, American Politics: Core Argument/Current Controversy, Citizen Lawmakers: The Ballot Initiative Revolution, Direct Legislation: Voting on Ballot Propositions in the United States, Paradise Lost: California's Experience, America's Future, The Initiative and Referendum in California, 18981998, The Color Bind: California's Battle to End Affirmative Action, The Populist Paradox: Interest Group Influence and the Promise of Direct Legislation, Documents on the State-wide Initiative, Referendum and Recall, The Operation of the Initiative, Referendum, and Recall in Oregon, Recent Experience with the Initiative and Referendum, Democratic Delusions: The Initiative Process in America, Direct Democracy: The Politics of Initiative, Referendum, and Recall, The Origins of the Initiative and Referendum in America, The Initiative to Party: Partisanship and Ballot Initiatives in California, Senate Journal of the Seventeenth General Assembly of the State of Colorado, State of Colorado: Roster of Elected Officers and Tabulated Statement of the Votes Cast for the Several Candidates, Tuesday, November 8, A.D. 1910, Pioneers and Politicians: 10 Colorado Governors in Profile, Lawmaking by Initiative: Issues, Options, and Comparisons, State of Colorado: Roster of Elected Officers and Tabulated Statement of the Votes Cast for the Several Candidates, Tuesday, November 5, A.D. 1912. Hence, when a measure passes with a majority vote, the proponents of the popular referendum actually lose. Then it managed to put a referendum on independence on the ballot. On appeal, however, the Colorado Supreme Court overturned the decision by Riddle and allowed the popular vote on the measure to stand. a. veteran soldiers protesting to obtain benefits During this time, For especially good accounts of the campaigns to adopt initiative and referendum mechanisms in other states, see Goebel, Thomas, A Case of Democratic Contagion: Direct Democracy in the American West, 18901920, Pacific Historical Review (05 1997): 213230Google Scholar; Piott, Steven, The Origins of the Initiative and Referendum in America, Hayes Historical Journal 11 (Spring 1992): 517Google Scholar; and in the case of California, Allswang, The Initiative and Referendum in California, 818. See Dubofsky, Melvyn, We Shall Be All: A History of the Industrial Workers of the World (Chicago, 1969)Google Scholar; Foner, Philip, History of the Labor Movement in the United States, vol. 10. ." an era of intense social and political reform aimed at making progress toward a better society. The referendum, Measure 8, was approved by the voters, thereby reinstating the legislation. b. government regulations requiring the inspection of food products were implemented Originally, Hurd's bill was set to include all underground workers, but as Knight points out, Colorado Fuel & Iron and the smelter lobby were able to restrict it to miners and smelters. For example, McMechen and Griswold both misinterpret the way in which the bill became a compulsory statutory referendum. -Created social programs However, legislation authorizing a national referendum would probably be unconstitutional, and an amendment authorizing it would almost certainly fail to receive congressional approval. He served only one term, defeated by Republican Lawrence Phipps in 1918. The governor did not have the opportunity either to endorse or veto the measure. 56. Schnader, W. A., Proper Safeguards for the Initiative and Referendum, American Political Science Review 10 (1916): 515531, 519CrossRefGoogle Scholar. The Progressive Era was the most transformational time in the history of American Politics. Speer and Evans had another reason to be allies. and 6. 22. Therefore, the wealthy and productive owe society, which has claims on their property and activity. The evidence is mixed that public policies come closer to citizen preferences in initiative states than in noninitiative states. Racial tensions are increasing, and anti-social behavior is invading our cities and communities. See Lomask, Milton, Seed Money: The Guggenheim Story (New York, 1964)Google Scholar. Again, the only way for a voter to know these details would be to look at a supplement, such as the one published by the Colorado Bar. The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. 33. WebSocial conservatism means this in my opinion: The people like the Monarchy, especially the Queen. 40. For an overview, see Bowler, Shaun and Donovan, Todd, Demanding Choices (Ann Arbor, 1998), 720Google Scholar. n. (pl. With the initiative, citizens collect a specified number of valid signatures in order to place either a statutory measure or a constitutional amendment on the ballot for fellow voters to adopt or reject. c. politicians campaigning for education reform WebInitiative, referendum, and recall. c. the 17th Amendment was passed In 1890, Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act, which was the first federal act to make monopolistic business practices illegal and to prohibit trusts. -Ida Tarbell There are numerous other journalistic accounts critical of direct democracy. 487, 24 10 1912, 3Google Scholar. This allows people the power to create a law when their legislators are not willing to do so. For example, voters in counties that broadly supported the DLL's Measure 13 would be expected not to support the utility companies' sham initiative, Measure 4. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Despite the tireless efforts of M. Dane Waters and the Initiative and Referendum Institute, much work remains simply to provide a full and accurate account of the ballot titles and texts of all the measures approved and rejected by citizens during the Progressive Era. Lonsdale, David, The Movement for an Eight-Hour Law in Colorado, 18931913 (Ph.D. 16th b. taking responsibility for the safety of consumers As Lonsdale writes: The Federation obtained affidavits from many whose names appeared on the petition stating that they had never seen the petition. 28. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Finally, Measure 26 sought to restrict the rights of reservoir owners to impound water in their reservoirs. Throughout recent years, most Americans have experienced stagnate wages. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. WebThe Progressive Era Was A Political Movement The Progressives gave voters the power of direct democracy through initiatives, referendums and recalls. Referenda may be initiated by the legislature itself or by petition of the people. This guaranteed that more companies could get involved in various industries, instead of just a handful of individuals controlling the production and sale of much-needed materials. The final vote tally was 88,948 votes (75.4 percent) in favor of the constitutional amendment and 29,098 votes (24.6 percent) against the referendum. a. workers secured a greater share of company products Encyclopedia.com. . the 1920s. 53. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Scamehorn, Lee, Mill & Mine: The C.F. America continues to benefit from the many reforms that were proposed and then enacted as a result of the Progressive Era. "Referendum ." The indictment of the Guggenheims alongside Rockefeller's C.F. WebWhy did Progressive reformers support this amendment? 32. Progressive Builders, 30 Mildred Dr, Ardmore Rd Fort Myers, FL (Owned by: Michael R Spreckelmeier) holds a Certified General Contractor license and 4 other 47. Often in life, we go through challenges and losses c. Roaring Twenties Shafroth was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives as a Republican in 1894 and then as a Silver Republican for two more terms (1896 and 1898). Through the years, America has witnessed the disappearance of thousands of our civil societies (e.g. For an overview of many of the ballot measures adopted during the Progressive Era, see Schmidt, Citizen Lawmakers, 2526. WebOn December 13, 2001, President Bush announced the withdrawal of the United States from the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, a bedrock of U.S.Soviet nuclear stability during the Cold War era. d. 18th Amendment, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Donald Kagan, Frank M. Turner, Steven Ozment, American Revolution Extra Credit Study Guide. For brief histories of the adoption of initiative and referendum in Colorado, see Martin, Curtis and Gomez, Rudolph, Colorado Government and Politics, 4th ed. references. An initiative is when citizens decide to put an issue on their ballot with or without the permission of their state legislature. The 18th Amendment of 1919 established the prohibition of alcohol after decades of efforts by the temperance movement to have it banned. Although it never made it on the ballot, during the circulation phase proponents of the measure claimed it was the upper chamber of the legislature that had become corrupted by corporate influences, and that the only cure was to abolish the Senate. Colorado Secretary of State, State of Colorado: Roster of Elected Officers and Tabulated Statement of the Votes Cast for the Several Candidates, Tuesday, November 5, A.D. 1912 (Denver, 1913)Google Scholar. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the Save PDF action button. hasContentIssue true. Progressives believed that politicians were often afraid to introduce some types of legislation because it could be unpopular and prevent their reelection. 48. Encyclopedia.com. 31. See Barnett, The Operation of The Initiative, Referendum, and Recall in Oregon, 7585; Ellis, Democratic Delusions, 3035. However, the alliance was publicly revealed in the Rocky Mountain News, owned by former U.S. initiative, referendum, and recall - Students - Britannica Kids Second, there is no provision in the Colorado constitution that refers bills to the people that are left unsigned by the governor. To visit our donation disclosure please visit: https://www.freedomworks.org/donation-disclosure. In America, academia strongly advocated against our Founders philosophies of our natural right to freedom, which included the right to acquire and own property. d. the establishment of public libraries, How did the publication of Upton Sinclair's "The Jungle" contribute to a change in the relationship between government and business? 2005. Dewey explains: The individual is under obligation to use his rights in social ways Property, for example, must be used in a socially desirable way. Progressive Era The first initiative in the state was for women's suffrage. WebPositive Progress Counseling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, Cape Coral, FL, 33904, (239) 431-3653, Now Accepting New Clients. Huber, The Progressive Career of Ben B. Lindsey, 34546. It usually involves gathering enough signatures and then the initiativegoing on a ballot. 41. See Lapp, John, Public Utilities, American Political Science Review 6 (1912): 576578CrossRefGoogle Scholar. ObamaCare stifles employment. Once the amended bill had passed through both chambers of the legislature, it went directly to the ballot for November, bypassing the governor's desk all together. If a sentence is already correct, write C after it. Newspapers of the day rarely referred to the specific corporate holdings of Evans. WebThe Era of Reconstruction, 18651877; Go West Young Man! The adoption of the two counterpropositions that so patently conflicted with each other indicates that voters may not have understood the substantive implications of the initiative and popular referendum. See League Preparing Reply to Foes of School Measure, Denver Times, 18 October 1912; Teachers Outline Attitude Toward New School Law, Denver Times, 19 October 1912; Judge Lindsey Is Answered, Rocky Mountain News, 24 October 1912; and Two Initiated Measures Which School Well Wishers Condemn, Denver Republican, 3 November 1912. a. the creation of the U.S. Forest Service See Allswang, John, The Initiative and Referendum in California, 18981998 (Stanford, 2000), 83Google Scholar. 2. WebThe Progressive Era (18961917) was a period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States focused on defeating corruption, monopoly, waste and Expanding our taxing power has allowed the federal government to expand its reach nationally and into the states welfare, Food Stamps, Medicare, Medicaid, ObamaCare, and hundreds more organizations. Gerber, Elisabeth, The Populist Paradox: Interest Group Influence and the Promise of Direct Legislation (Princeton, 1999), 5Google Scholar. Women's Work Reform -Key was to limit number of work hours. What is error code E01-5 on Toyota forklift. WebIn 1911, as part of the Progressive reform movement in California, the initiative, referendum, and recall were added to the State Constitution. For estimates of voter turnout in Colorado during the Progressive Era, see Spencer, R. C., Activities of the Colorado Electorate, American Political Science Review 17 (1923): 101108CrossRefGoogle Scholar. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. As evidence, they submit the popular adoption of numerous progressive reforms during the 1910s, such as the direct primary, women's suffrage, prohibition, the abolition of the poll tax, home rule for cities and towns, eighthour workdays for women and miners, and the regulation of public utility and railroad monopolies. https://www.encyclopedia.com/politics/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/referendum, "Referendum In 1913, the DLL, as well as some Democratic members of the House, circulated a petition for an initiative on the 1914 ballot that would have dissolved the state Senate. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/referendum-0. 19. WebEXAM 2 NOTES. See Colorado Bar Association, Analysis of Thirty-Two Measures, 66. WebThe referendum process allows citizens to refer a law that passed the legislature to the ballot for voters to decide whether to uphold or repeal the law. 61. Citing the clout of corporate monopolies that dominated numerous state legislatures at the turn of the century, contemporary observers of direct democracy approvingly note how citizen groups during the Progressive Era used the mechanisms to take on an array of vested interests. } The Progressive philosophys roots go back to, at least, Hegel during the early 19th Century in Prussia. Since the Progressive Era, many scholars have expressed deep reservations over the ability of citizens to vote on ballot measures that support their core beliefs and attitudes. Finally, the 19th Amendment,ratified in 1920, officially gave women the right to vote. a. the founding of women's colleges 2006. a. prevent party leaders from amending campaign platforms Tolbert, Caroline J. WebEstablished in 1989, Progressive Design Build is a premier design/build remodeling firm in Southwest Florida proudly serving Lee and Collier County residents with the highest https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/referendum-0, "referendum c. collecting donations for charities McNeal, Ramona S. & I was not surprising. See Oregon Blue Book, Initiative, Referendum and Recall 19121914. . In effect, the law only covered one-fifth of all underground workers. 46. Bowler, Shaun But ballot measure campaigns were not covered by the Purity of Elections Law. WebALBERT J. BEVERIDGE, From his speech as temporary chairman of Progressive National Convention, Chicago, 1912. The progressives, as they called themselves, worked to make American society a better and safer place in which to live. WebHiram Warren Johnson (September 2, 1866 August 6, 1945) was an American attorney and politician who served as the 23rd governor of California from 1911 to 1917. Ironically, Judge Lindsey, the principal author of the initiative calling for the recall of elected officials, was himself nearly recalled in one of the measure's first applications. But as evidenced at the nationwide Invasion Day protests in January, theres widespread grassroots First Nations opposition to the Voice, which asserts that the advisory body wont progress self-determination and rather, it will place Indigenous people in a subservient position to government. In 1907, for example, political scientist George Haynes wrote how [i]t is commonly assumed that, in a heated campaign, the average voter will keep in touch]a very fitting phrasewith the questions of the day. An examination of the county-level votes on the two measures is perhaps indicative of the confusion many voters had in determining what their vote actually meant. d. were all yellow journalists, -Lincoln Steffans a. federal troops were mobilized to break strikes by labor unions The Progressive Era, which actually extended from the 1890s to Finally, it should be noted that the occasional adoption of conflicting ballot measures occurred in other states. Mothers' Compensation Bill Menace to Children's Home, Denver Republican, 26 October 1912. See Citizens' League Petitions Are Filed with Supervisors, Rocky Mountain News, 13 April 1910; Evans-Speer Gangs Vote Bosses' Will at Primaries, Rocky Mountain News, 22 April 1910; Senator Patterson Asks W. G. Evans for Definite Statement of Moffat Road's Future, Rocky Mountain News, 12 April 1911. Wilson called for a living Constitution, which is very much part of the Progressive creed today. See Magleby, David, Direct Legislation in the American States, in Butler, David and Ranney, Austin, eds., Referendums around the World (Washington, D.C., 1994), 230231Google Scholar. WebThe Progressive Era Was A Political Movement The Progressives gave voters the power of direct democracy through initiatives, referendums and recalls. b. favored expansionary policy Thus, freedom was converted from protecting individuals and their property to governments obligation to "create individuals.. 75. . WebThe Progressive Movement was an early-20th century reform movement seeking to return control of the government to the people, to restore economic opportunity, and to correct injustices in American life. (Danzer R54). In 1911, the state legislature was called upon to choose a new United States Senator. 67. The ballot titles did little to clarify the intent of the two measures. It should be noted that there are many vote discrepancies in the public record concerning the actual vote totals for and against the thirty-two measures. Yet the bivariate Pearson product moment correlation between the percentage of the county yes vote for both measures is positively related (r= .600) and significant (p<.01, 2-tailed, n = 62), indicating that there may have been considerable voter confusion about the two initiatives. 2008. 10Google Scholar. The Progressive Era marked the end of the Gilded Ages and a start of a new era. The Progressive Era was a period marked by reforms aimed at breaking the concentrated power, or monopoly, of certain corporations and trusts. 12, no. b. the growing political influence of women An Assessment of Direct Democracy Voters, in Sabato, Ernst, and Larson, eds., Dangerous Democracy? b. Of the three popular referendums, two (Measure 9 and Measure 13) were successfully placed on the 1914 ballot. Huber, Francis Anne, The Progressive Career of Ben B. Lindsey, 19001920 (Ph.D. FRIDKIN, DUSTIN A monopoly is when one corporation or person controls almost an entire industry, such as steelor oil, so there is no competition. and Schmidt erroneously reports that Colorado also adopted the recall in 1910. Initiatives are citizen made proposals and amendments that can be put on ballots during elections; they are the most frequently used out of the 806 Words 4 Pages Decent Essays Read More Police unions have rallied around Missouri Senate Bill 78, which would reinstate a Civil War-era system of state oversight. The ballot title of Measure 19 stated: AN ACT TO REGULATE AND LIMIT THE HOURS OF EMPLOYMENT IN UNDERGROUND MINES, SMELTERS, MILLS AND COKE OVENS; TO DECLARE CERTAIN EMPLOYMENT INJURIOUS TO THE HEALTH AND DANGEROUS TO LIFE AND LIMB. Even more cryptically, the popular referendum, Measure 21, read: HOUSE BILL NO. Wilson and the Progressives were significantly responsible for two, very important amendments to our Constitution in 1912: income tax and the popular-election of our Senators. In reporting the figures, we have done our best to cross-reference the official results of all thirty-two measures. ObamaCare has caused thousands of people to lose insurance and doctors. When they did, it was usually limited to his involvement with the Denver Tramway or prior holdings in the railroad. d. businesses were required to pay fees to open overseas locations, the federal government could dissolve business monopolies, -Jane Addams 21. The Two Utilities Bills, Rocky Mountain News, 17 October 1912. Colorado Secretary of State, State of Colorado: Roster of Elected Officers and Tabulated Statement of the Votes Cast for the Several Candidates, 1913Google Scholar. For initiative and referendum passage rates in the states, see Magleby, Direct Legislation, 9095. Ballot Initiatives, State Policies, and Public Opinion, Preferences, Fiscal Policies, and the Initiative Process, Response to Matsusaka: Estimating the Effect of Ballot Initiatives on Policy Responsiveness, www.archives.state.co.us/govs/shafroth.html, http://bluebook.state.or.us/state/elections/elections12.htm, www.archives.state.co.us/govs/eammons.html. 55. Bring out the contrasting ideas in the following by using the pause: Contrast now the circumstances of your life and mine, gently and with temper, AEschines; and then ask these people whose fortune they would each of them prefer. He believed that citizens were capable of being leaders and that they should a. Very few Americans understand that over a century ago, Progressives perverted our Constitution and governance system from a limited-government, which restricted governance powers to an unlimited government run by elites and their bureaucracies. These early results contradict the established finding that compulsory referendums placed on the ballot by state legislatures are historically much more likely to pass than initiatives and popular referendums. WebThe History of Initiative & Referendum in Arizona began when it acquired statewide initiative, referendum, and recall rights at the time of statehood in 1912. b. increase the influence of business owners on regulatory legislation d. the women's suffrage movement, stricter regulations in the meat industry, What likely accounts for Woodrow Wilson winning the 1912 election? In Re Senate Resolution, No. WebThe initiative and referendum process enables citizens to bypass their state legislature by placing proposed statutes and, in some states, constitutional amendments on the ballot. Originally, our Constitution decreed that state legislatures selected their two United States Senators. What did the Nazis begin using gas chambers instead of mobile killing units and shooting squads after a while? Knights of Columbus, Masons, Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, and the Loyal Order of Moose), where people were self-sufficient and voluntarily formed institutions to better themselves and their communities, because of the Progressive movement, but today our country is suffering from the unintended consequences of this Progressive Era. Our unemployed and underemployed are much greater than reported. funny thing is I was just looking for this answer. In 1908, Dewey wrote, the state has the responsibility for creating institutions under which individuals can effectively realize the potentialities that are theirs." Colorado Bar Association, Analysis of Thirty-Two Measures Submitted to the Electors of Colorado Under the Initiative and Referendum Amendment and by the 18th General Assembly (Denver, 1912), 26Google Scholar. SMITH, DANIEL A. Health insurance premiums are skyrocketing. As the Colorado Bar observed, There will by this law be concentrated with the said commissioners full control and authority. Colorado Bar Association, Analysis of Thirty-Two Measures, 73. Schmidt wrongly states that there were 22 Initiatives on the ballot, of which nine passed. Schmidt, Citizen Legislators, 226. Colorado Bar Association, Analysis of Thirty-Two Measures, 66; The Eight-Hour Laws. Rocky Mountain News, 24 10 1912Google Scholar. Make an impact in your community by becoming a Freedom Team member! Senator Thomas Patterson, a civic reformer. Although Speer's Democrats controlled both chambers of the legislature, the Progressives were a prevalent enough force in both parties to ensure that neither establishment could have a majority. Since the enactment of the election of Senators by the citizens of their state, Senators, again, please the voters, and the state legislatures have severely lost power and influence with their federal Senators. accommodate, reach a new balance with, or fight against life, Guide to American Independence Day (Fourth of July). Among the other reforms that the Progressive Era saw were laws to regulate and limit dangerous child labor and laws which created the 8-hour work day and 40-hour work week. a. helped people living in poverty See Colorado Bar Association, Analysis of Thirty-Two Measures, 73, 75, 8384; Vote for Eighteen of the Proposed Measures, Cast Your Vote Against Fourteen of the Bills, Denver Post, 30 October 1912. It is not pleasant. Antigone focuses our attention on the conflict between public and private reals, the divisive impact of war on families, and the consequences of differing views of honor. The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English, Encyclopedia of the American Constitution, Delegation of Powers Johnson achieved national prominence in the early 20th century. ." Huber, The Progressive Career of Ben B. Lindsey, 343. 4 (New York, 1965)Google Scholar; Wiebe, Robert, The Search for Order, 18771920 (New York, 1967)Google Scholar; Brody, David, ed., The American Labor Movement (New York, 1971)Google Scholar; Hanford, Benjamin, The Labor War in Colorado (New York, 1904)Google Scholar. WebDownload The Initiative And Referendum In California 1898 1998 full books in PDF, epub, seeing it as a typical example of the disconnected nature of progressive era reforms.

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